The low carrier frequencies required by underwater acoustic signals are influenced by Doppler shift arising from movements of the sender or receiver. Long-range hydroacoustic communication is a very challenging task due to limited bandwidth, slow propagation time, multi-path and inter-symbol interference, ray bending and frequency dependent attenuation. Secondly, the expedition schedule was extremely tight and offered a very limited period for building, installing and integrating the system into the submarine and the support vessels Mermaid Sapphire and Prime RHIB (Rigid Hulled Inflatable Boat). Firstly, a technical solution had to be found to ensure reliable underwater communication over such an immense distance. Two significant challenges were quickly identified. In addition to underwater communications conveying voice and text for status updates, mission support and co-ordination, it was also very important to monitor vital signs like the submarine’s oxygen and battery levels, depth, speed and range position from the surface. In 2011, only six months before the expedition, the Australian company L-3 Oceania (formerly L-3 Nautronix) was tasked with providing a technical solution that would enable James Cameron to remain in contact with the surface at all times. At a depth of almost 11km, the Mariana Trench is the most remote and isolated place on Earth. A range of technological innovations were required for the venture, one of which was a reliable method for sending voice and data between the 'Deepsea Challenger' submarine and its support vessels on the surface. The dive was the centrepiece of the Deepsea Challenge expedition, a joint scientific project by Cameron, the National Geographic Society and Rolex to conduct deep ocean research and exploration. In March 2012, filmmaker and explorer James Cameron successfully completed his one-man dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench.
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